Outline of dementia

  1. Wu Y-T, Beiser AS, Breteler MMB, et al. The changing prevalence and incidence of dementia over time – Current evidence. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(6):327-339. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.63
  2. Nichols E, Szoeke CEI, Vollset SE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2019;18(1):88-106. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4
  3. European-Commission (2015). The 2015 Ageing Report. Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (2013-2060). Brussels, European Commission.
  4. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00198/default/table?lang=en https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND.OL?locations=BA
  5. European-Commission (2015). The 2015 Ageing Report. Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (2013-2060). Brussels, European Commission.
  6. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.
  7. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):e1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x
  8. Poulos CJ, Bayer A, Beaupre L, et al. A comprehensive approach to reablement in dementia. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2017;3(3):450-458. doi:10.1016/j.trci.2017.06.005

More about “Outline of dementia”

  1. WHO | Life expectancy. WHO. http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/. Accessed May 1, 2019
  2. Mortality and life expectancy statistics – Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Mortality_and_life_expectancy_statistics. Accessed May 1, 2019
  3. He W, Goodkind D, Kowal P. An Aging World: 2015. International Population Reports. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC European commission 2018 Ageing report
  4. Nichols et al., Lancet Neurol 18: 88-106, 2019; DE data taken from official statistics for Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg Danube region refers to the INTERREG Danube Transnational Programme area Alzheimer-Europe. Dementia in Europe Yearbook 2017 - Care standards for residential care facilities in Europe. Luxembourg, Alzheimer Europe. 2017.
  5. Gál Z, Lux G, Illés I. Danube Region – Analysis and Long-Term Development Trends of the Macro-Region. Pécs, Institute for Regional Studies, Research Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 1. 2013;(90). https://discussionpapers.rkk.hu/index.php/DP/article/view/2534. Accessed May 1, 2019
  6. Siyam A, Poz MRD, World Health Organization, eds. Migration of Health Workers: WHO Code of Practice and the Global Economic Crisis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

Normal ageing and dementia

  1. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.
  2. Baltes, P. B. (1997). Die unvollendete Architektur der menschlichen Ontogenese: Implikationen für die Zukunft des vierten Lebensalters. Psychol Rundsch 48; 191-210.

More about “Normal ageing and dementia”

  1. Normal ageing vs dementia | Alzheimer’s Society. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/how-dementia-progresses/normal-ageing-vs-dementia. Accessed October 10, 2019.

Causes of dementia

  1. Jack CR, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, et al. Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):207-216. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70291-0
  2. Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, et al. Clinical and Biomarker Changes in Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(9):795-804. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1202753
  3. Armstrong RA. Factors Determining Disease Duration in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Postmortem Study of 103 Cases Using the Kaplan-Meier Estimator and Cox Regression. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014. doi:10.1155/2014/623487
  4. Devier DJ, Villemarette-Pittman N, Brown P, et al. Predictive Utility of Type and Duration of Symptoms at Initial Presentation in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;30(3):238-244. doi:10.1159/000320137
  5. Farias ST, Mungas D, Reed BR, Harvey D, DeCarli C. Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia in Clinic- vs Community-Based Cohorts. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1151-1157. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.106
  6. Brodaty H, Seeher K, Gibson L. Dementia time to death: a systematic literature review on survival time and years of life lost in people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(7):1034-1045. doi:10.1017/S1041610211002924
  7. Warren JD, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN. Frontotemporal dementia. BMJ. 2013;347:f4827. doi:10.1136/bmj.f4827
  8. Beyer K, Domingo-Sàbat M, Ariza A. Molecular Pathology of Lewy Body Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(3):724-745. doi:10.3390/ijms10030724
  9. Cairns NJ, Bigio EH, Mackenzie IRA, et al. Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2007;114(1):5-22
  10. Mackenzie IRA, Rademakers R. The molecular genetics and neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: recent developments. Neurogenetics. 2007;8(4):237-248. doi:10.1007/s10048-007-0102-4
  11. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.
  12. Norton, S., F. E. Mathews, D. E. Barnes, K. Yaffe, C. Brayne (2014) Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of poplation-based cata. Lancet Neurology 13: 788-794
  13. Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Ahtiluoto S, et al. The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER): study design and progress. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(6):657-665. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.012

More about “Causes of dementia”

  1. Comas-Herrera_World Alzheimer report_2016.pdf. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67858/1/Comas-Herrera_World%20Alzheimer%20report_2016.pdf.
  2. Kurrle S, Brodaty H, Hogarth R. Physical Comorbidities of Dementia. Physical Comorbidities of Dementia. January 2012:1-124. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511894534
  3. Fąfara A, Sokołowska N, Damiza A, et al. Comorbidities disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. 2014;4:57-70.
  4. Bunn F, Burn A-M, Goodman C, et al. Comorbidity and dementia: a scoping review of the literature. BMC Medicine. 2014;12(1):192. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0192-4
  5. Kuring JK, Mathias JL, Ward L. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and PTSD in People with Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2018;28(4):393-416. doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9396-2
  6. Little MO. Reversible Dementias. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018;34(4):537-562. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2018.07.001
  7. Kralova M. Demencie. Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine. 2017. https://www.fmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/lf/sluzby/akademicka_kniznica/PDF/Elektronicke_knihy_LF_UK/Demencie_Kralova__Maria.pdf.
  8. Damasceno BP. Neuroimaging in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Neuropsychol. 2015;9(4):350-355. doi:10.1590/1980-57642015DN94000350
  9. Dugbartey AT. Neurocognitive aspects of hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(13):1413-1418
  10. Cheng C, Huang C-L, Tsai C-J, Chou P-H, Lin C-C, Chang C-K. Alcohol-Related Dementia: A Systemic Review of Epidemiological Studies. Psychosomatics. 2017;58(4):331-342. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.012
  11. Goebels N, Soyka M. Dementia Associated With Vitamin B12 Deficiency. JNP. 2000;12(3):389-394. doi:10.1176/jnp.12.3.389
  12. Reynolds EH. Folic acid, ageing, depression, and dementia. BMJ. 2002;324(7352):1512-1515
  13. Byers AL, Yaffe K. Depression and risk of developing dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7(6):323-331. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2011.60

Faces and stages of dementia

  1. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.
  2. Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, et al. Clinical and Biomarker Changes in Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(9):795-804. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1202753
  3. Petersen RC. Mild Cognitive Impairment. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364(23):2227-2234. doi:10.1056/nejmcp0910237.
  4. Petersen RC. Mild Cognitive Impairment. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2016;22(2, Dementia):404-418. doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000313.
  5. Garand L, Dew MA, Urda B, Lingler JH, Dekosky ST, Reynolds CF. Marital Quality in the Context of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2007;29(8):976-992. doi:10.1177/0193945907303086.
  6. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(3):303-8.
  7. Ismail Z, Smith EE, Geda Y, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as early manifestations of emergent dementia: Provisional diagnostic criteria for mild behavioral impairment. Alzheimers & Dementia. 2016;12(2):195-202. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.017.
  8. Cornelis E, Gorus E, Beyer I, Bautmans I, Vriendt PD. Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia through basic and instrumental activities of daily living: Development of a new evaluation tool. PLOS Medicine. 2017;14(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002250.

More about “Faces and stages of dementia”

  1. Petersen RC. Mild Cognitive Impairment. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2016;22(2, Dementia):404-418. doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000313.
  2. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.
  3. Giebel CM, Burns A, Challis D. Taking a positive spin: preserved initiative and performance of everyday activities across mild Alzheimers, vascular and mixed dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2016;32(9):959-967. doi:10.1002/gps.4553.
  4. Beatty WW, Winn P, Adams RL, et al. Preserved Cognitive Skills in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Archives of Neurology. 1994;51(10):1040-1046. doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540220088018.

Personal impact of dementia

  1. Steeman E, de Casterlé BD, Godderis J, Grypdonck M. Living with early-stage dementia: A review of qualitative studies. J Adv Nurs. 2006;54(6):722-738. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03874.x
  2. Hegde S, Ellajosyula R. Capacity issues and decision-making in dementia. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016;19(Suppl 1):S34-S39. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.192890
  3. Nys H, Raeymaekers P, Gombault B, Rauws G. Rights, anutonomy and dignity of people with Dementia. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/chafea_pdb/assets/files/pdb/20102201/20102201_d7-01_en_ps.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2019.
  4. Camp CJ. Denial of Human Rights: We Must Change the Paradigm of Dementia Care. Clin Gerontol. 2019;42(3):221-223. doi:10.1080/07317115.2019.1591056
  5. De Boer M. E., C M. P. M. Hertogh, R. M. Dröes, I. I. Riphage, C. Jonker, J. A. Eefsting (2007) Suffering from dementia - the patient’s perspective: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr 19: 1021-1039
  6. El Haj M, Antoine P, Nandrino JL, Kapogiannis D. Autobiographical memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease, a theoretical and clinical overview. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;23(Pt B):183-192. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.001
  7. Górska S, Forsyth K, Maciver D. Living With Dementia: A Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research on the Lived Experience. Gerontologist. 2018;58(3):e180-e196. doi:10.1093/geront/gnw195
  8. Thomas P, Chantoin-Merlet S, Hazif-Thomas C, et al. Complaints of informal caregivers providing home care for dementia patients: The Pixel study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(11):1034-1047. doi:10.1002/gps.746
  9. Zarit SH, Todd PA, Zarit JM. Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. Gerontologist. 1986;26(3):260-266. doi:10.1093/geront/26.3.260
  10. Feast A, Moniz-Cook E, Stoner C, Charlesworth G, Orrell M. A systematic review of the relationship between behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) and caregiver well-being. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(11):1761-1774. doi:10.1017/S1041610216000922
  11. Baikie E. The impact of dementia on marital relationships. Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2002;17(3):289-299. doi:10.1080/14681990220149095
  12. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.
  13. Schofield H, Bloch S. Family Caregivers: Disability, Illness and Ageing. Allen & Unwin; 1998.
  14. Brodaty H, Donkin M. Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(2):217-228.
  15. O’Dwyer ST, Moyle W, Zimmer-Gembeck M, De Leo D. Suicidal ideation in family carers of people with dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(2):222-230. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1063109
  16. Vitaliano PP, Zhang J, Young HM, Caswell LW, Scanlan JM, Echeverria D. Depressed Mood Mediates Decline in Cognitive Processing Speed in Caregivers. Gerontologist. 2009;49(1):12-22. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp004
  17. Vitaliano PP, Russo J, Scanlan JM, Greeno CG. Weight changes in caregivers of Alzheimer’s care recipients: Psychobehavioral predictors. Psychol Aging. 1996;11(1):155-163.
  18. Mausbach BT, Patterson TL, Rabinowitz YG, Grant I, Schulz R. Depression and distress predict time to cardiovascular disease in dementia caregivers. Health Psychol. 2007;26(5):539-544. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.539
  19. Kim H, Rose K. Sleep disturbances in family caregivers: An overview of the state of the science. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2011;25(6):456-468. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2011.02.007
  20. Peng H-L, Chang Y-P. Sleep disturbance in family caregivers of individuals with dementia: A review of the literature. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2013;49(2):135-146. doi:10.1111/ppc.12005
  21. Sanders S. Is the glass half empty or full? Reflections on strain and gain in cargivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Soc Work Health Care. 2005;40(3):57-73. doi:10.1300/J010v40n03_04
  22. Haley WE, LaMonde LA, Han B, Burton AM, Schonwetter R. Predictors of depression and life satisfaction among spousal caregivers in hospice: Application of a stress process model. J Palliat Med. 2003;6(2):215-224. doi:10.1089/109662103764978461
  23. Piersol CV, Canton K, Connor SE, Giller I, Lipman S, Sager S. Effectiveness of Interventions for Caregivers of People With Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Major Neurocognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review. Am J Occup Ther. 2017;71(5):7105180020p1-7105180020p10. doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.027581
  24. Prorok JC, Horgan S, Seitz DP. Health care experiences of people with dementia and their caregivers: A meta- ethnographic analysis of qualitative studies. CMAJ. 2013;185(14):E669-E680. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121795

More about “Personal impact of dementia”

  1. Brod M, Stewart AL, Sands L, Walton P. Conceptualization and measurement of quality of life in dementia: The dementia quality of life instrument (DQoL). Gerontologist. 1999;39(1):25-35. doi:10.1093/geront/39.1.25
  2. Woods RT, Nelis SM, Martyr A, et al. What contributes to a good quality of life in early dementia? Awareness and the QoL-AD: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:94. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-94
  3. Nelis SM, Wu Y-T, Matthews FE, et al. The impact of co-morbidity on the quality of life of people with dementia: Findings from the IDEAL study. Age Ageing. 2019;48(3):361-367. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy155
  4. Giebel CM, Sutcliffe C, Challis D. Activities of daily living and quality of life across different stages of dementia: A UK study. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(1):63-71. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.915920
  5. Martyr A, Nelis SM, Quinn C, et al. Living well with dementia: A systematic review and correlational meta-analysis of factors associated with quality of life, well-being and life satisfaction in people with dementia. Psychol Med. 2018;48(13):2130-2139. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000405
  6. Górska S, Forsyth K, Maciver D. Living With Dementia: A Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research on the Lived Experience. Gerontologist. 2018;58(3):e180-e196. doi:10.1093/geront/gnw195
  7. Bruce DG, Paterson A. Barriers to community support for the dementia carer: A qualitative study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15(5):451-457.

More about “Outline of diagnosis”

  1. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH: The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:270-279.
  2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA.
  3. Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: JAMA. 2019 Oct 22;322(16):1589-1599. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.4782
  4. Blennow K, Hampel H, Weiner M et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010; 6: 131-144
  5. Castilla-Rilo J, López-Arrieta J, Bermejo-Pareja F, Ruiz M, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Trincado R. Instrumental activities of daily living in the screening of dementia in population studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;22(9):829-36
  6. Consensus report of the Working Group on: “Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease”. The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer’s Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group. Neurobiol.Aging 1998. Mar-Apr:19(2);109-116
  7. Cure s., Abrams K, Belger M, Dell’agnello G, Happich M. Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia using autopsy as standard of truth. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 42: 169-182
  8. Deisenhammer F, Bartos A, Egg R et al. Guidelines on routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Report from an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2006; 13: 913-922
  9. Galasko D. An integrated approach to the management of Alzheimer’s disease: Assessing cognition, function and behaviour. Eur J Neurol 1998;5(suppl. 4):S9-S17
  10. Hort J, Bartos A, Pirttilä T et al. Use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in diagnosis of dementia across Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2010; 17: 90-96
  11. Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14: 535-562
  12. Lang L, Clifford A., Wei L, Zhang D, Leung D, Augusting G, Danat IM, Zhou W, Copeland JR, Anstey K, Chen R . Prevalence and determinants of undetected dementia in the community: a systematic literature review and a meta analysis. BMJ Open 7: e011146
  13. Lewczuk P, Riederer P, O’Bryant SE et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers for neurodegenerative dementias: An update of the Consensus of the Task Force on Biological Markers in Psychiatry of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2018; 19: 244-328
  14. Mayeux R. Evaluation and use of diagnostic tests in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1998 Mar-Apr;19(2):139-43.
  15. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Jr., Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH: The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:263-269.
  16. Pérès K, Helmer C, Amieva H, Orgogozo JM, Rouch I, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Natural history of decline in instrumental activities of daily living performance over the 10 years preceding the clinical diagnosis of dementia: a prospective population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jan;56(1):37-44.
  17. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rabins PV, Ritchie K, Rossor M, Thal L, Winblad B. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001 Dec;58(12):1985-92.
  18. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):303-8.
  19. Petersen RC. Mild Cognitive Impairment. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016 Apr;22(2 Dementia):404-18. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000313
  20. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology. 2007 Dec 11;69(24):2197-204
  21. Wynn ZJ, Cummings JL. Cholinesterase inhibitor therapies and neuropsychiatric manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cog Disord 2004; 17: 100-108.

Detection of dementia

  1. W. Bondi, A. J. Jak, L. Delano-Wood, M. W. Jacobson, D. C. Delis, D. P. Salmon (2008) Neurosychological contributions to the early identification of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychol Rev 18: 73-90
  2. W. Chambers, S. Skivananthan, C. Brayne (2017) Is dementia screening of apparently healthy individuals justified? Adv Prevent Med 2017: 9708413
  3. A. Jackson, S. H. Naqvi, B. Sheehan (2013) Screening for dementia in general hospital inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of available instruments. Age Ageing 42: 689-695
  4. Rogers, H. Coleman, A. Brodtmann, D. Darby, V. Anderson (2017) Family members’ experience of the pre-diagnostic phase of dementia: a synthesis of qualitative evidence. Int Psychogeriatr 29: 1425-1437
  5. L. Sampton, M. R. Blanchard, L. Jones, A. Tookman, M. King (2009) Dementia in the acute hospital: prospective cohort study of prevalence and mortality. BJ Psych 195: 61-66
  6. van Vliet, M. E. de Vugt, C. Bakker, R. T. C. M. Koopmans, Y. A. L. Pijnenburg, M. J. F. J. Vernooij-Dassen, F. R. J. Verhey (2011) Caregivers’ perspectives on the pre-diagnostic period in early onset dementia: a long and winding road. Int Psychogeriatr 23: 1393-1404
  7. van Wijngaarden, H. van der Wedden, Z. Henning, R. Komen, A. M. The (2018) Entangled in uncertainty: the experience of living with dementia from the perspective of family caregivers. PLOS One 13: e0198034

Timely diagnosis

  1. Brooker D, Fontaine JL, Evans S, Bray J, Saad K. Public health guidance to facilitate timely diagnosis of dementia: ALzheimer’s COoperative Valuation in Europe recommendations: Timely diagnosis of dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Jul;29(7):682–93.
  2. Iliffe S, Robinson L, Brayne C, Goodman C, Rait G, Manthorpe J, et al. Primary care and dementia: 1. diagnosis, screening and disclosure. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(9):895–901.
  3. Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Wikler EM, Weldon KJ, Georges J, Baumgart M, et al. The Impact of Experience with a Family Member with Alzheimer’s Disease on Views about the Disease across Five Countries. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;2012:1–9.
  4. Dubois B, Padovani A, Scheltens P, Rossi A, Dell’Agnello G. Timely Diagnosis for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review on Benefits and Challenges. J Alzheimers Dis. 49(3):617–31.
  5. Prince M, Bryce R, Ferri C. World Alzheimer Report 2011: The benefits of early diagnosis and intervention [Internet]. Alzheimer Disease International; 2011 [cited 2019 Oct 14]. Available from: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2011.pdf
  6. Carpenter BD, Xiong C, Porensky EK, Lee MM, Brown PJ, Coats M, et al. Reaction to a dementia diagnosis in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Mar;56(3):405–12.
  7. Samsi K, Abley C, Campbell S, Keady J, Manthorpe J, Robinson L, et al. Negotiating a labyrinth: experiences of assessment and diagnostic journey in cognitive impairment and dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;29(1):58–67.
  8. Werner P, Karnieli-Miller O, Eidelman S. Current knowledge and future directions about the disclosure of dementia: a systematic review of the first decade of the 21st century. Alzheimers Dement J Alzheimers Assoc. 2013 Mar;9(2):e74-88.

More about “Timely diagnosis”

  1. Whitlatch CJ, Feinberg LF, Tucke S. Accuracy and consistency of responses from persons with cognitive impairment. Dementia. 2005 Jun;4(2):171–83.
  2. Kim SY, Karlawish JH, Caine ED. Current state of research on decision-making competence of cognitively impaired elderly persons. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(2):151–165.
  3. Pruchno RA, Smyer MA, Rose MS, Hartman-Stein PE, Henderson-Laribee DL. Competence of long-term care residents to participate in decisions about their medical care: a brief, objective assessment. The Gerontologist. 1995;35(5):622–629.
  4. Hegde S, Ellajosyula R. Capacity issues and decision-making in dementia. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016 Oct;19(Suppl 1):S34–9.
  5. Grisso T, Grisso A, Appelbaum PS. Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment: A Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals. Oxford University Press; 1998. 244 p.
  6. Grisso T, Appelbaum PS. MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). Sarasota, FL, US: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange; 1998. vi, 35. (MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T).).
  7. Prince M, Bryce R, Ferri C. World Alzheimer Report 2011: The benefits of early diagnosis and intervention [Internet]. Alzheimer Disease International; 2011 [cited 2019 Oct 14]. Available from: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2011.pdf
  8. Marson DC, Ingram KK, Cody HA, Harrell LE. Assessing the competency of patients with Alzheimer’s disease under different legal standards: A prototype instrument. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(10):949–54.
  9. Treloar A, Beck S, Paton C. Administering medicines to patients with dementia and other organic cognitive syndromes. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2001 Nov;7(6):444–50.

More about “Assessments”

  1. MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination, available at http://www.dementiatoday.com/wp-conten/uploads/2012/06/MiniMentalStateExamination.pdf
  2. Mini-Cog: Mini-Cognitive Assessment, available at http://mini-cog.com
  3. MIS: Memory Impairment Screen, available at https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/mis.pdf
  4. GPCOG: General Practitioner Screening Test for Dementia, available at https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/gpcog(english).pdf
  5. MoCA: Montréal Cognitive Assessment, available at https://www.mocatest.org/
  6. IQCODE: Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, short form, available at https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/shortiqcode_english.pdf
  7. AD8: AD8 Dementia Screening Interview, available at https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/ad8.pdf
  8. IADL: Lawton, M. P. and E. M. Brody (1969). “Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living.” Gerontologist 9: 176-186.
  9. Beach T. G., Monsell S. E., Phillips L E., Kukull „. E (2012) Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer’s Disease Centers, 2005-2010. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 71: 266-273
  10. Morris E., Chalkidou A., Hammers A., Peacock J., Summers J, Keevil S. (2016) Diagnostic accuracy of 18F amyloid PET tracers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 43: 7374-385
  11. Goldman, J. S. (2012). New approaches to genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal degeneration. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 12: 502-510.

Disclosure of the diagnosis

  1. van den Dungen P, van Kuijk L, van Marwijk H, et al. Preferences regarding disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(10):1603-1618. doi:10.1017/S1041610214000969
  2. Pinner G, Bouman W. Attitudes of Patients With Mild Dementia and Their Carers Towards Disclosure of the Diagnosis. International psychogeriatrics / IPA. 2003;15:279-288. doi:10.1017/S1041610203009530
  3. Mastwyk M, Dow B, Ellis KA, Ames D. Why attend a memory clinic? What do patients and their families want and/or expect? Australasian Journal on Ageing. 2016;35(3):220-224. doi:10.1111/ajag.12257
  4. Carpenter B, Dave J. Disclosing a Dementia Diagnosis: A Review of Opinion and Practice, and a Proposed Research Agenda. Gerontologist. 2004;44(2):149-158. doi:10.1093/geront/44.2.149
  5. Smith AP, Beattie BL. Disclosing a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: patient and family experiences. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001;28 Suppl 1:S67-71. doi:10.1017/s0317167100001220
  6. Wilkinson H, Milne AJ. Sharing a diagnosis of dementia–learning from the patient perspective. Aging Ment Health. 2003;7(4):300-307. doi:10.1080/1360786031000120705
  7. Jha A, Tabet N, Orrell M. To tell or not to tell-comparison of older patients’ reaction to their diagnosis of dementia and depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(9):879-885.
  8. Bradford A, Kunik ME, Schulz P, Williams SP, Singh H. Missed and delayed diagnosis of dementia in primary care: prevalence and contributing factors. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23(4):306-314. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181a6bebc

More about “Disclosure of the diagnosis”

  1. Carpenter B, Dave J. Disclosing a Dementia Diagnosis: A Review of Opinion and Practice, and a Proposed Research Agenda. Gerontologist. 2004;44(2):149-158. doi:10.1093/geront/44.2.149
  2. Cornett PF, Hall JR. Issues in disclosing a diagnosis of dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2008;23(3):251-256. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.01.001
  3. Frank C, Forbes RF. A patient’s experience in dementia care. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(1):22-26.
  4. Whitehouse P, Frisoni GB, Post S. Breaking the diagnosis of dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(2):124-128.
  5. Wilkinson H, Milne AJ. Sharing a diagnosis of dementia–learning from the patient perspective. Aging Ment Health. 2003;7(4):300-307. doi:10.1080/1360786031000120705 Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018.

Outline of treatment

  1. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD005593.
  2. Cammisuli DM, Danit S, Bosinelli F, Cipriani G. Non-pharmacological interventions for people with Alzheimer’s disease: A critical review of the scientific literature from the last ten years. Eur Geriatr Med. 2016;7:57–64.
  3. How CH, Koh LH. Not that way:Advance Care Planning. Singapore Med J. 2015;56:19–22.
  4. McShane R, Areosa Sastre A, Minakaran N. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2): :CD003154

More about “Pharmacological interventions”

  1. Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, et al. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology. 2001;57(3):489-495. doi:10.1212/wnl.57.3.489
  2. Black S, Román GC, Geldmacher DS, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, Perdomo C, Kumar D, Pratt R; Donepezil 307 Vascular Dementia Study Group: Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 2003; 34: 2323–2330.
  3. Dou KX, Tan MS, Tan CC, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer’s disease: a network meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2018;10(1):126. Published 2018 Dec 27.
  4. Hager K, Baseman AS, Nye JS, Brashear HR, Han J, Sano M, Davis B, Richards HM: Effects of galantamine in a 2-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10: 391–401.
  5. Hampel H, Mesulam MM, Cuello AC, et al. The cholinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2018;141(7):1917–1933.
  6. Hort J, O’Brien JT, Gainotti G, Pirttila T, Popescu BO, Rektorova I, Sorbi S, Scheltens P; EFNS Scientist Panel on Dementia. EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1236-48
  7. Maher-Edwards G, Dixon R, Hunter J, Gold M, Hopton G, Jacobs G, Hunter J, Williams P: SB-742457 and donepezil in Alzheimer disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26: 536–544.
  8. Martorana A, Esposito Z, Koch G. Beyond the cholinergic hypothesis: do current drugs work in Alzheimer’s disease?. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010;16(4):235–245.
  9. Mori E, Ikeda M, Kosaka K; Donepezil-DLB Study Investigators: Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2012; 72: 41–52.
  10. Peng DT, Xu XH, Wang LN: Efficiency and safety assessment of donepezil for treating mild and moderate Alzheimer disease. Chin J Clin Rehabil 2005; 9: 170–172.
  11. Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, Patterson C, Cowan D, Levine M, Booker L, Oremus M: Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 379–397.
  12. Reisberg B, Doody R, Stöffler A, Schmitt F, Ferris S, Möbius HJ; Memantine Study Group: Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1333–1341.
  13. Serge Gauthier, Nathan Herrmann, Pedro Rosa-Neto, Optimal use of cholinergic drugs in Alzheimer’s disease, Brain 2018,141(9), September, Page e68.
  14. Sorbi S, Hort J, Erkinjuntti T, Fladby T, Gainotti G, Gurvit H, Nacmias B, Pasquier F, Popescu BO, Rektorova I, Religa D, Rusina R, Rossor M, Schmidt R, Stefanova E, Warren JD, Scheltens P; EFNS Scientist Panel on Dementia and Cognitive Neurology. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(9):1159-79
  15. SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group, Williamson JD, Pajewski NM, et al. Effect of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control on Probable Dementia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(6):553–561.
  16. van de Glind EMM, van Enst WA, van Munster BC, Olde Rikkert MGM, Scheltens P, Scholten RJPM, Hooft L: Pharmacological treatment of dementia: a scoping review of systematic reviews. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 36: 211–228.

More about “Non-pharmacological interventions”

  1. Woods B, Aguirre E, Spector AE, Orrell M. Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;CD005562.
  2. García-Casal JA, Loizeau A, Csipke E, Franco-Martín M, Perea-Bartolomé V, Orrell M. Computer-based cognitive interventions for people living with dementia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health. 2017;21:454-67.
  3. Hill NTM, Mowszowski L, Naismith SL, Chadwick VL, Valenzuela M, Lampit A. Computerised cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:329-40.
  4. Bahar-Fuchs A, Clare L, Woods B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD003260.
  5. Huang HC, Chen YT, Chen PY, Huey-Lan-Hu S, Liu F, Kuo YL, et al. Reminiscence therapy improves cognitive functions and reduces depressive symptoms in elderly people with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:1087-94.
  6. Kortte KB, Rogalski EJ. Behavioural interventions for enhancing life participation in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25:237-45.
  7. Farrajota L, Maruta C, Maroco J, Martins IP, Guerreiro M, de-Mendonca A. Speech therapy in primary progressive aphasia: a pilot study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2012;2:321-31.
  8. Clare L, Linden DEJ, Woods RT, Whitaker R, Evans SJ, Parkinson CH, et al. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer disease: A single-blind randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:928-39.
  9. Voigt-Radloff S, Ruf G, Vogel A, van-Nes F, Hüll M. Occupational therapy for elderly. Evidence mapping of randomised controlled trials from 2004-2012. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;48:52-72.
  10. Ojagbemi A, Owolabi M. Do occupational therapy interventions improve quality of life in persons with dementia? A meta-analysis with implications for future directions. Psychogeriatrics. 2017;17:133-41.
  11. Travers C, Brooks D, Hines S, O’Reilly M, McMaster M, MacAndrew M, et al. Effectiveness of meaningful occupation interventions for people living with dementia in residential aged care: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2016;14:163-225.
  12. Ienca M, Fabrice J, Elger B, Caon M, Pappagallo AS, Wangmo RWKT. Intelligent assistive technology for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: a systematic review. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2017;60:333.
  13. Evans J, Brown M, Coughlan T, Lawson G, Craven MP. A systematic review of dementia focused assistive technology. In: Kirosu M, editor. Human-Computer Interaction: Interaction Technologies. Cham: Springer; 2015. p. 406-17.
  14. Arntzen C, Holthe T, Jentoft R. Tracing the successful incorporation of assistive technology into everyday life for younger people with dementia and family carers. Dementia (London). 2014;15:646-62.
  15. Smallfield S. Supporting adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related major neurocognitive disorders and their caregivers: effective occupational therapy interventions. Am J Occup Ther. 2017;71:7105170010p1-p4.
  16. Dickson K, Lafortune L, Kavanagh J, Thomas J, Mays N, Erens B. Non-drug treatments for symptoms in dementia: an overview of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms and challenging behaviours in patients with dementia. London; 2012.
  17. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Hodgson MPD, Hauck WW. A biobehavioral home-based intervention and the well-being of patients with dementia and their caregivers. The COPE randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304:983-91.
  18. Barton C, Ketelle R, Merrilees J, Miller B. Management of behavioral symptoms in frontotemporal and other dementias. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2016;16:14.
  19. van-der-Steen JT, van-Soest-Poortvliet MC, van-der-Wouden JC, Bruinsma MS, Scholten RJPM, Vink AC. Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017(CD003477).
  20. Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;CD003150.
  21. Neal M, Briggs M. Validation therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD001394.
  22. Sánchez A, Millán-Calenti JC, Lorenzo-López L, Maseda A. Multisensory stimulation for people with dementia: a review of the literature. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Demen. 2013;28:7-14.
  23. Zeng Z, Deng YH, Shuai T, Zhang H, Wang Y, Song GM. Effect of physical activity training on dementia patients: a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Chin Nurs Res. 2016;3:168-75.
  24. Rao AK, Chou A, Bursley B, Smulofsky J, Jezequel J. Systematic review of the effects of exercise on activities of daily living in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Occup Ther. 2014;68:50-6.
  25. Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;CD006489.
  26. Chien LY, Chu H, Guo JL, Liao YM, Chang LI, Chen CH, et al. Caregiver support groups in patients with dementia: a meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:1086-98.
  27. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Dennis MP, Hodgson N, Hauck WW. Targeting and managing behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia: A randomized trial of a nonpharmacological intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1465-74.
  28. Parker D, Mills S, Abbey J. Effectiveness of interventions that assist caregivers to support people with dementia living in the community: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2008;6:137-72.

More about “Environmental modification and assistive technology”

  1. E C Brawley. Environmental design for Alzheimer’s disease: A quality of life issue. Aging & Mental Health, 5: suppl 1, 79-83, 2001
  2. Marquard G., Viehweger A., (eds) Architecture for people with dementia. Planning principles, practices, and future challenges. Technical University of Dresden 2014
  3. Marquard G., Johnston D., Black B. S., Morrison A., Rosenblatt A., Lyketsos C. G., Samus Q. M. (2011) A descriptive study of home modifications for people with dementia and barriers to implementation. J Hous Elderly 25: 258-273.
  4. Soril, L.J.J., Leggett L. E., Lorenzetti D. L., Silvius J., Robertson D., Mansell L., Holroyd-Leduc J., Noseworthy T. W. , Clement F. M. (2014) Effective use of the built environment to manage behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: A systematic review. PLOS One 9: e115425
  5. Woodbridge R., Sullivan M. P., Harding E., Crutch S., Gilhooly K.J., Gilhooly M.L.M., McIntyre A., Wilson L. (2018) Use of the physical environment to support everyday activities for people with dementia: A systematic review. Dementia 17: 533-572.

More about “End of life Care”

  1. Federal Statistical Office (Destatis), Wiesbaden 2019
  2. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L (2003) Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc 4: 9-15
  3. Huid., Bruera E (2017) The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System 25 years later: past, present and future developments. J Pain Symptom Manage 53: 630-643
  4. Husebo BS, Achterberg WP, Lobbezoo F, Kunz M, Lautenbacher S, Kappesser J, Tudose C, Strand LI (2012) Pain in patients with dementia: A review of pain assessment and treatment challenges. Norsk Epidemologi 22: 243-251

More about “Carer support”

  1. Sörensen S, Duberstein P, Gill D, Pinquart M. Dementia care: Mental health effects, intervention strategies, and clinical implications. The Lancet Neurology. 2006;5(11):961-973. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70599-3
  2. Kurz A, Wilz G. [Carer burden in dementia: Origins and intervention]. Nervenarzt. 2011;82(3):336-342. doi:10.1007/s00115-010-3108-3
  3. Chien, L. Y., H. Chu, J. L. Guo, Y. M. Liao, L. I. Chang, C. H. Chen and K. R. Chou (2011). Caregiver support groups in patients with dementia: a meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26: 1086-1098.
  4. Corbett, A., J. Stevens, D. Aarsland, S. Day, E. Moniz-Cook, R. Woods, D. Brooker and C. Ballard (2012). Systematic review of services providing information and/or advice to people with dementia and/or their caregivers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27: 628-636
  5. Gitlin, L. N., L. Winter, M. P. D. Hodgson and W. W. Hauck (2010). A biobehavioral home-based intervention and the well-being of patients with dementia and their caregivers. The COPE randomized trial. JAMA 304: 983-991.
  6. Lethin, C., H. Leino-Kilpi, B. Roe, M. Martin-Soto, K. Saks, A. Stephan, S. Zwakhalen, A. Zabalegui and S. Karlsson (2016) Formal support for informal caregivers to older persons with dementia through the course of the disease: an exploratory, cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 6: 32.
  7. McCabe, M., E. You and G. Tatangelo (2016) Hearing their voice: a systematic review of dementia family caregivers' needs. Gerontologist 56: e70-e88.
  8. McKechnie V., Barker C., Stott J. (2014) The effectiveness of an internet support forum for carers of people with dementia: a pre-post cohort study. J Med Internet Res 16: e68
  9. Parker, D., S. Mills and J. Abbey (2008). Effectiveness of interventions that assist caregivers to support people with dementia living in the community: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc 6: 137-172.
  10. Thompson, C. A., Spilsbury, K., Hall, J., Birks Y., Barnes C., Adamson J. (2007) Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia. BMC Geriatrics 7: 18.
  11. Vernooij-Dassen, M., I. Draskovic, J. McCleery and M. Downs (2011). Cognitive reframing for carers of people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD0053189.
  12. Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., Back-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20, 649-655.
  13. Zwaanswijk, M., J. M. Peeters, A. P. A. van-Beek, J. H. C. M. Meerveld and A. L. Francke (2013) Informal caregivers of people with dementia: problems, needs and support in the initial stage and in subsequent stages of dementia: a questionnaire survey. Open Nurs J 7: 6-13.

Communication

  1. Galvin JE. Mental Status and Neurologic Examination. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, Supiano MA, Ritchie C. eds. Hazzard’s Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 7e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; http://accessmedicine. mhmedical.com.nukweb.nuk.uni-lj.si/content.aspx?bookid=1923&sectionid=144517915. Accessed July 25, 2019.
  2. Harnish, Stacy & Neils-Strunjas, Jean. (2008). In Search of Meaning: Reading and Writing in Alzheimer’s Disease. Seminars in speech and language. 29. 44-59. 10.1055/s-2008-1061624.
  3. Tang-Wai DF, Graham NL. Assessment of language function in dementia. Geriatr Aging. 2008;11:103–110.

More about “Communication”

  1. VERA - Case example video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=craoo582xm0
  2. Blackhall, A. Hawkes, D. [and] Hingley, D. (2011). VERA framework: communicating with people who have dementia. Nursing Standard, November 9th 2011, Vol.26(10), pp.35-39.
  3. Hawkes, D., Hingley, D., Wood, S.J., & Blackhall, A. (2015). Evaluating the VERA framework for communication. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987), 30 2, 44-8
  4. Validation - More information and available resources: https://vfvalidation.org/
  5. Basic principles of Validation therapy: https://vfvalidation.org/documents/resources/en/Principles_revision_08_English.pdf
  6. TEDxAmsterdam: Validation, communication through empathy by Naomi Feil: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESqfW_kyZq8
  7. Talking mats - https://www.talkingmats.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Dementia -and-Effectiveness-of-Talking-Mats-short-Findings-1.pdf
  8. Murphy, Joan & Gray, Cindy & van Achterberg, Theo & Wyke, Sally & Cox, Sylvia. (2010). The effectiveness of the Talking Mats framework in helping people with dementia to express their views on well-being. Dementia. 9. 454-472. 10.1177/1471301210381776.
  9. Adaptive interaction - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6JmzNEQZjk
  10. Ellis, Maggie & Astell, Arlene. (2017). Communicating with people living with dementia who are nonverbal: The creation of Adaptive Interaction. PLOS ONE. 12. e0180395. 10.1371/journal.pone.0180395.
  11. Maggie Ellis & Arlene Astell. (2018). Adaptive Interaction and Dementia: How to Communicate Without Speech. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78592-179-1 (Book review: link)

More about “The person at the centre”

  1. Hancock G. A., Woods B., Challis D., Orrell M. (2006) The needs of older people with dementia in residential care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21: 43-49 Environmental and physical health needs were usually met. However, sensory or physical disability (including mobility problems and incontinence) needs, mental health needs, and social needs, such as company and daytime activities, were often unmet. Mental health services and residential home staff need to be aware that many needs remain unmet and much can be done to improve the quality of life of the residents with dementia.

  2. Hansen A., Hauge S., Bergland A. (2017) Meeting psychosocial needs for persons with dementia in home care services – a qualitative study of different perceptions and practices among health care providers. BMC Geriatr 17: 211 Increased competence and consciousness of psychosocial needs and how those needs can be met, are essential for delivering high-quality holistic care that enables persons with dementia to live in their own home for as long as possible.

  3. Kerpershoek, L., de Vugt M., Wolfs C., Woods B., Jelley H., Orrell M., Stephan A., Bieber A., Meyer G., Selbaek G., Handels R., Wimo A., Hopper L., Irving K., Marques M., Goncalves-Pereira M., Portolani E., Zanetti O.and Verhey F.(2017). “Needs and quality of life of people with middle-stage dementia and their family carers from the European Activcare Study. When informal care alone may not suffice.” Aging Ment Health 25: 1-6 Needs were expressed in the domains of psychological distress, daytime activities, company and information. The domains in which needs are expressed should be the primary focus for interventions to support QOL. The perspectives of people with dementia are informative when identifying needs.

  4. Khanassov V., Vedel I. (2016) Family physician-case manager collaboration and needs of patients with dementia and their caregivers: a systematic mixed studies revie w. Ann Fam Med 14: 166-177 There is good evidence that case managers, in collaboration with family physicians, have a pivotal role in addressing the needs of the patient- caregiver dyad.

  5. Miranda-Castillo C., Woods B., M. Orrell M. (2013) The needs of people with dementia living at home from user, caregiver and professional perspectives: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Serv Res 13:43. The most frequent unmet needs reported by people with dementia, caregivers and professionals were in the areas of daytime activities, company, and psychological distress; however, people with dementia rated psychological distress as the commonest unmet need.

  6. Rosa E., Luissignoli G., Sabbatini F., Chiappa A., Di Cesare S., Lamanna L., Zanetti O. (2010) Needs of caregivers of the patients with dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 51: 54-58 The medical needs caregivers express are mainly relative to a better knowledge of the disease and the exact diagnosis; the education-related needs are mainly relative to the acquisition of communicational skills and the optimal handling of cognitive and behavioral disorders; the psychological ones mainly concern the area of assistance induced emotional stress management and the elaboration of feelings such as anxiety, rage and guilt. A lot more ought to be done in order to provide better information about the disease, about appropriate cognitive and behavioral disorder management skills, and about viable psychological support.

  7. Schmid R., Eschen A., Rüegger-Frey B., Martin M. (2011) Instruments for comprehensive needs assessment in individuals with cognitive complaints, mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27: 329-341 Even though a wide range of needs assessment instruments is available, most instruments assess the needs of individuals with dementia on a general level rather than on a more concrete level that may serve better to inform interventions for this growing population.

  8. Shuman S. B., Hughes S., Wiener J. M, Gould E. (2017) Research on care needs and supportive appro aches for persons with dementia. US Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Assisant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation The care needs of people with dementia change throughout the course of the disease, thereby requiring caregivers to modify the assistance they provide. Further complicating care for people with dementia are the unique care needs of those in various circumstances, such as living alone or having a dual diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities and dementia. Some programs exist to help address the care needs of people with dementia as opposed to their caregivers, but more research is needed.

  9. Van der Roest, H.G., Meiland F.J, Comijs H.C., Derksen E., A. Jansen A.P., van Hout H.P., C. Jonker and Dröes R.M. (2009). What do community-dwelling people with dementia need? A survey of those who are known to care and welfare services. Int Psychogeriatr 21: 949-965 This study showed a large number of unmet needs in dementia. Most unmet needs were experienced in the domains of memory, information, company, psychological distress and daytime activities.Reasons for unmet needs are lack of knowledge about the existing service offer, a threshold to using services and insufficient services offer.

  10. Von Kutzleben, M., Schmid W., Halek M., Holle B. and Bartholomeyczik S. (2012). Community-dwelling persons with dementia: What do they need? What do they demand? What do they do? A systematic review on the subjective experiences of persons with dementia. Aging Ment Health 16: 378-390 Coming to terms with the disease and maintaining normality appeared to be major themes. With regard to expectations from the side of professional health care, the need for accompanying, continuous support and counselling appeared to be central. Furthermore, disclosure of diagnosis represents a critical stage for people with dementia, but our findings indicated that they prefer to be included in this process.

More about “Planned and proactive management”

  1. Caspar, S., Davis, E. D., Douziech, A., & Scott, D. R. (2018). Nonpharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: What Works, in What Circumstances, and Why? Innovation in Aging, 2(1), igy001. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy001
  2. De Vreese, L. P., De Salvatore, L., Rovesta, L., & Fabbo, A. (2016). The Management of Dementia in Primary Care. In Primary Care in Practice - Integration is Needed. https://doi.org/10.5772/62762
  3. Herrmann, N., & Gauthier, S. (2008). Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 6. Management of severe Alzheimer disease. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Medicale Canadienne, 179(12), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.070804
  4. Karen M. Rose, & Ruth Palan Lopez. (2012). Transitions in Dementia Care: Theoretical Support for Nursing Roles | Karen M Rose. https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02Man04
  5. Ledgerd, R., Hoe, J., Hoare, Z., Devine, M., Toot, S., Challis, D., & Orrell, M. (2016). Identifying the causes, prevention and management of crises in dementia. An online survey of stakeholders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(6), 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4371
  6. MacNeil Vroomen, J., Bosmans, J. E., van Hout, H. P. J., & de Rooij, S. E. (2013). Reviewing the definition of crisis in dementia care. BMC Geriatrics, 13, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-10
  7. Mitchell, S. L., Teno, J. M., Kiely, D. K., Shaffer, M. L., Jones, R. N., Prigerson, H. G., … Hamel, M. B. (2009). The Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(16), 1529–1538. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0902234
  8. NHS England. (n.d.). NHS England Dementia: Good Care Planning Information for primary care providers and commissioners. NHS England, 16.
  9. Shaji, K. S., Sivakumar, P. T., Rao, G. P., & Paul, N. (2018). Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Dementia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(Suppl 3), S312–S328. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.224472
  10. Sorbi, S., Hort, J., Erkinjuntti, T., Fladby, T., Gainotti, G., Gurvit, H., & Nacmias, B. (2012). EFNS-ENS Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of disorders associated with dementia. 1159–1179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03784.x

Outline of professions

  1. Galvin J. E., Lavois L., Zweig Y. (2014) Collaborative transdisciplinary team approach for dementia care. Neurodegen Dis Manag 4: 455-469 Collaborative care models are team-based, multicomponent interventions that provide a pragmatic strategy to deliver integrated healthcare to patients and families across a wide range of populations and clinical settings.
  2. Brody, A.A., J. E. Galvin J.E. (2013) A review of interprofessional and education interventions for recognizing and managing dementia.“Gerontol Geriatr Educ 34: 225-256 Given the complicated clinical, sociobehavioral, and caregiving skills that are needed to comprehensively assess and manage individuals with dementia, the gold standard of care requires involvement of interprofessional teams.
  3. Stephan S., Möhler R., Renom-Guiteras A., Meyer G. (2015) Successful collaboration in dementia care from the perspectives of healthcare professionals and informal carers in Germany: results from a focus group study. BMC Health Serv Res 15: 208 Sufficient information relay, clear responsibilities, motivation and defined aims, and a personal relationship between professionals are facilitators. External factors, such as rapid staff turnover, insufficient time resources and conditions causing financial competition between providers are barriers to successful collaboration

The role of general physicians in dementia

  1. Robinson, L. (2015). Dementia: timely diagnosis and early intervention. BMJ 350: h3029.
  2. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018
  3. Burns, A., P. Twomey, E. Barrett, D. Harwood, N. Cartmell, D. Cohen, D. Findlay, S. Gupta and C. Twomey (2015). Dementia diagnosis and management. A brief pragmatic resource for general practitioners. N. England.

The role of social workers in dementia

  1. Banovic S, Belejanska D, Boban M, Brandoburova P, Cucik M, Krakovska S, Kučuk O, Mehrabian S, Popovic Kostic S, Licata A, Radulovic L, Riedl L, Sinanovic O, Stefanova E, Traykov L, Tudose C, Kurz A. Interprofessional management of dementia. A workbook produced by dementia experts in the Danube Region. 2018
  2. Tibbs, M. A. (2001). Social work and dementia. London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

The role of psychiatrists in dementia

  1. Avasthi, A. (2014) Bringing dementia care back into psychiatry. J Geriatr Ment Health 5: 10-15 Psychiatrists are at an advantage in treating people with dementia, when compared to other specialists, given their expertise with history taking, mental status examination, pharmacological management of the behavioral issues, and especially non-pharmacological aspects.
  2. Grossberg G. T., Lake J. T. (1998) The role of the psychiatrist in Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry 59, suppl. 9: 3-6 Psychiatrists are uniquely trained to evaluate and treat the psychiatric symptoms and problem behaviours in Alzheimer’s disease. The psychiatrist may be asked to utilize and monitor antidementia compounds as well as to orchestrate functional and competency evaluations. As the leader of the mental health team the psychiatrist serves as educator and resource provider to people with dementia and their families. Lately, the psychiatrist works closely with caregivers to monitor for and prevent burnout and depression.
  3. Onyike U. (2016) Psychiatric aspects of dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 22: 600-614 There is new appreciation of the complexity of the relationship between psychiatric disorders and dementia as well as the significance of this relationship for treatment, community services, and research.

The role of nurses in dementia

  1. Jenkins, Catharine & Ginesi, Laura & Keenan, Bernie. (2016). The nurse’s role in caring for people with dementia. Nursing times. 112. 20-23.
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